Newsletter for Thursday 24 June.

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TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY

NEWSLETTER • 24 JUNE

Feature for Today

On 24 Jun 1788, Thomas Blanchard was born, an American inventor who made major contributions to the development of machine tools and invented a number of machines including the famous lathe that bears his name. At age 13, he developed an apple-paring machine, and later he devised a machine to mass-produce tacks without the tedious handwork of heading the tack.

This article from A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860 (1866) gives some more information on his inventiveness.

Book of the Day

On 24 Jun 1915, Fred Hoyle was born, an English mathematician and astronomer, who coined the term "Big Bang" as a derisive reference to the theory in which he did not believe. He supported a different theory for the origins of the universe. Today's book pick is: A Different Approach to Cosmology: From a Static Universe through the Big Bang towards Reality, by F. Hoyle, G. Burbidge, J. V. Narlikar. They present the best-developed alternative theory to the “Big Bang,” with scientific arguments written to be accessible to upper-division undergraduate students in physics and astrophysics. According to Physics Today, “This is a fascinating book, expressing the views of three scientists who choose to go against the conventional cosmological wisdom. It is extremely important for such skepticism to exist and for such books to be written.”

It is available from Amazon, typically about New from $133.87. Used from $20.31. (As of earlier time of writing - subject to change.)

Quotations for Today

	It is often held that scientific hypotheses are constructed, and are to be constructed, only after a detailed weighing of all possible evidence bearing on the matter, and that then and only then may one consider, and still only tentatively, any hypotheses. This traditional view however, is largely incorrect, for not only is it absurdly impossible of application, but it is contradicted by the history of the development of any scientific theory. What happens in practice is that by intuitive insight, or other inexplicable inspiration, the theorist decides that certain features seem to him more important than others and capable of explanation by certain hypotheses. Then basing his study on these hypotheses the attempt is made to deduce their consequences. The successful pioneer of theoretical science is he whose intuitions yield hypotheses on which satisfactory theories can be built, and conversely for the unsuccessful (as judged from a purely scientific standpoint). — Sir Fred Hoyle, English astronomer and mathematician (born 24 Jun 1915).
	My final remark to young women and men going into experimental science is that they should pay little attention to the speculative physics ideas of my generation. After all, if my generation has any really good speculative ideas, we will be carrying these ideas out ourselves. — Martin Perl, American physicist (born 24 Jun 1927).
	He who cures a disease may be the skillfullest, but he who prevents it is the safest physician. — Thomas Fuller, English physician (born 24 Jun 1654).

Quiz

Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	Martin Lewis Perl, born 24 Jun 1927, won the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physics for discovering a subatomic particle (in the mid-1970s) which was a massive lepton with a negative charge, the first evidence of a third “generation” of fundamental particles. What did he name this particle?
	On 24 Jun 1915, Sir Fred Hoyle was born, an English mathematician and astronomer. He became Britain’s best-known astronomer in 1950 with his broadcast lectures on The Nature of the Universe, and he recalled coining the term “Big Bang” in the last of those talks. Even so, Hoyle never accepted the now most popular “Big Bang” theory for the origin of the universe. What theory for the universe did Hoyle promote?
	On 24 Jun 1839, Gustavus Swift was born, who was a partner in a Chicago meat company when he invented a way to handle the supply of beef from western states to Chicago. His method made it no longer necessary to keep the animals alive for slaughter in Chicago. It was so successful he formed Swift and Company with his brother. He also pioneered products such as glue, soap and margarine to profit from animal parts previously discarded. His alliances with J.O. Armour and Edward Morris formed such a monopoly that the “Beef Trust” was broken up by the Supreme Court in 1905. What was the invention with which he revolutionized the handling of the beef supply to Chicago from western states?
Deaths
	Willy Ley (1906-1969) was a German-American engineer who was a founder of the German Rocket Society. The society was the first group of men (with the sole exception of Robert Goddard) to experiment with rockets. Ley was consultant for the science fiction film Frau im Mond in which the countdown from ten to zero was introduced. Fiercely anti-Nazi, in 1934, he emigrated to the U.S. rather than pursuing military applications of rocketry. In the U.S., he became a popularizer of space exploration and travel, writing many popular books. Can you name the man Lay introduced to the society who is the best known German to conduct rocket experiments during World War II?
	Hattie Elizabeth Alexander died on 24 Jun 1968. She was an American who did groundbreaking work in her field, publishing some 70 papers over a period of 30 years. Can you name the profession in which this lady made significant advances, and what they were?
Events
	In 1873, a well-known American author received a U.S. patent for a self-pasting Scrapbook (No. 140245). His invention was to coat the pages of the scrapbook with mucilage or adhesive. He suggested two forms. In one form, the pages would be coated within patches of adhesive with intervals of untreated paper between them. The second form was to coat the entire page. In either case, only sufficient area of the leaf is moistened that is necessary to hold the piece that is to be pasted in. Can you name this inventor and his author pen-name?
	On 24 Jun of a certain year, a home video recorder was first demonstrated at the BBC News Studios in London. The Telcan machine was a fixed-head longitudinal videotape recorder intended for home-taping of television programmes. The open-reel recorder mounted on top of a television cabinet used quarter-inch tape running at 120 inches per second speed. Telcan failed before it ever went on sale. In what decade did this demonstration take place?
	In 1975, a moon tremor was detected by the seismometer network left on the Moon’s surface by American astronauts. What was the cause of this tremor?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the June 24 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers.

Fast answers for the previous newsletter for June 23: 100,000 years • plane polarized • Jonas Edward Salk • -117 °F (-82.8 °C) • the decade including the year 1964.

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