657 Battle of Siffin during the first Muslim civil war between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I beside Euphrates River 1519 Francisco Pizarro receives royal charter for the west coast of South America 1533 Francisco Pizarro orders the death of the last Sapa Inca Emperor, Atahualpa 1803 The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world's first public railway, opens in south London 1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation) 1945 Declaration of Potsdam: US, Britain and China demand the unconditional surrender of Japan during WWII 1953 Fidel Castro leads a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, intended to spark a revolution in Cuba |
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