Newsletter for Tuesday 29 December.

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TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY

NEWSLETTER • 29 DECEMBER

Feature for Today

On 29 Dec 1766, Charles Macintosh was born, a Scottish chemist and inventor who created a waterproof cloth used for clothing. Waterproof coats are still known by his name, or the shorter word “mac.” One of the early pages on this website was written about Charles Macintosh to give an outline of the inventiveness of this businessman.

Book of the Day

On 29 Dec 1800, Charles Goodyear was born, an American inventor, who invented the vulcanization process which made rubber products practical. Today's book pick is: The Goodyear Story: An Inventor's Obession and the Struggle for a Rubber Monopoly, by Richard Korman, who tells a suspenseful story of scientific experimentation and continual patent monopoly battles. Goodyear made numerous trips to debtors' prison as he steadfastly held onto his dream of using rubber to change just about every aspect of life. The book portrays the factory life during America's industrial age in the 1830s and '40s describing the aproned men who chopped rubber with axes and knives and the machines that ground it.

It is available from Amazon, typically about New from $28.40. Used from $4.29. (As of earlier time of writing - subject to change.)

Quotations for Today

	“Planning” is simply the result of experience read backward and projected into the future. To me the “purposive” action of a beehive is simply the summation and integration of its units, and Natural Selection has put higher and higher premiums on the most “purposeful” integration. It is the same way (to me) in the evolution of the middle ear, the steps in the Cynodonts (clearly shown by me in 1910 and by you later in Oudenodon) make it easier to see how such a wonderful device as the middle ear could arise without any predetermination or human-like planning, and in fact in the good old Darwinian way, if only we admit that as the “twig is bent the tree’s inclined” and that each stage conserves the advantages of its predecessors… The simple idea that planning is only experience read backward and combined by selection in suitable or successful combinations takes the mystery out of Nature and out of men’s minds. — William King Gregory, American palaeontologist (died 29 Dec 1970).
	For the first time there was constructed with this machine [locomotive engine] a self-acting mechanism in which the interplay of forces took shape transparently enough to discern the connection between the heat generated and the motion produced. The great puzzle of the vital force was also immediately solved for the physiologist in that it became evident that it is more than a mere poetic comparison when one conceives of the coal as the food of the locomotive and the combustion as the basis for its life. — Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, German physiologist and biochemist (born 29 Dec 1816).
	The future belongs to Science. More and more she will control the destinies of the nations. Already she has them in her crucible and on her balances. — Sir William Osler, Canadian physician, medical educator and author (died 29 Dec 1919).

Quiz

Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	A German-born physicist turned spy was born 29 Dec 1911. He worked with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, U.S., on the atom bomb, and in 1946 became head of the theoretical physics division at Harwell, UK. He was arrested and convicted (1950) for giving vital American and British atomic-research secrets to the Soviet Union. Can you name this spy?
	On 29 Dec 1800, Charles Goodyear was born, an American inventor, who discovered the vulcanization process that made possible the commercial use of rubber. Originally the use of rubber was limited since it would freeze hard in winter and become gummy in summer. After years of persistent experimentation, he mixed and baked a certain substance and rubber together, creating a tough, cured compound that could withstand the heat and stress. Goodyear discovered which substance to add to rubber in the vulcanizing process?
	The name of Charles Macintosh, a Scottish inventor, born 29 Dec 1766, remains associated with the raincoat made with cloth waterproofed by the process he invented. What was Macintosh's waterproofing method?
Deaths
	William Merriam Burton (1865-1954) was an American chemist who developed a thermal cracking process for the refining of crude petroleum. What is the benefit of his process?
Events
	On 29 Dec 1987, cosmonaut Yuri Romanenko ended his record stay in space. What was the duration of his time in space, to the nearest hundred days?
	On 29 Dec 1997, a country began killing its entire chicken population to stem the spread of a mysterious avian flu that had already killed four people. The government decision came after birds at two sites were found to be infected with the H5N1 virus. Which is this country, which was the first where humans died from the H5N1 flu virus.

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the December 29 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers.

Fast answers for the previous newsletter for December 28: stretches of DNA • bending of starlight by gravity • Eiffel Tower • a relationship between the values of the wave numbers of spectral lines of an element. • the Firth of Tay at Dundee, Scotland • alpha particles (hint: do the math on the protons to change Be to C).

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Copyright

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