Newsletter for Friday 5 June.

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TODAY IN SCIENCE HISTORY

NEWSLETTER • 5 JUNE

Feature for Today

On 5 Jun 1878, liquid air obtained at a temperature of -192ºC was exhibited by Professor James Dewar at the Royal Institution, London. For several little known, but interesting, discoveries related to air, read A Summary of Scientific Discoveries and Inventions Relating to the Air from Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, 1904. There you can learn about such novelties as an air-driven clock, air-engine for railway carriages or the more familiar air brush (Aerograph) used by artists.

Book of the Day

On 5 Jun 1819, John Couch Adams was born, the English astronomer and mathematician, one of two people who independently discovered a new planet. Today's book pick is: The Neptune File: A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting (Science Matters), by Tom Standage, (also author of The Victorian Internet), who describes the activity leading up to the discovery. A French astronomer calculated the planet's position shortly after Adams—and an international race to spot the planet itself began.

It is available from Amazon, typically about Used from $1.68. (As of earlier time of writing - subject to change.)

Quotations for Today

	I long to speak out the intense inspiration that comes to me from the lives of strong women. They have made of their lives a great adventure. — Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist (born 5 Jun 1887).
	The mortal enemies of man are not his fellows of another continent or race; they are the aspects of the physical world which limit or challenge his control, the disease germs that attack him and his domesticated plants and animals, and the insects that carry many of these germs as well as working notable direct injury. This is not the age of man, however great his superiority in size and intelligence; it is literally the age of insects. — Warder Clyde Allee, American zoologist and ecologist (born 5 Jun 1885).
	The most important and urgent problems of the technology of today are no longer the satisfactions of the primary needs or of archetypal wishes, but the reparation of the evils and damages by technology of yesterday. — Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-British physicist and electrical engineer (born 5 Jun 1900).

Quiz

Before you look at today's web page, see if you can answer some of these questions about the events that happened on this day. Some of the names are very familiar. Others will likely stump you. Tickle your curiosity with these questions, then check your answers on today's web page.
Births
	John Couch Adams, born 5 Jun 1819, was a British mathematician and astronomer who independently discovered Neptune. On 3 Jul 1841, Adams had entered in his journal: “Formed a design in the beginning of this week of investigating, as soon as possible after taking my degree, the irregularities in the motion of Uranus ... in order to find out whether they may be attributed to the action of an undiscovered planet beyond it.” Indeed, by Sep 1845, he had solved the issue, though he had difficulty publicizing it in a timely manner. But a French astronomer was also on the task and got most attention when he announced his solution to the French Academy of Science on 10 Nov 1845. Who was the French astronomer who shares credit?
	Dennis Gabor was born 5 Jun 1900, the Hungarian-born British electrical engineer who won the 1971 Nobel Prize for Physics. The award was for his invention, a system of lensless, three-dimensional photography that has many applications. He first conceived the idea in 1947, using conventional filtered-light sources. Because such sources had limitations of either too little light or too diffuse, his idea was not commercially feasible until the invention of the laser (1960), which amplifies the intensity of light waves. What was his invention?
Deaths
	Augustus Edward Hough Love (1863-1940) was a British geophysicist and mathematician who discovered a major type of earthquake wave that was subsequently named for him. Love assumed that the Earth consists of concentric layers that differ in density and postulated the occurrence of a seismic wave confined to the surface layer (crust) of the Earth which propagated between the crust and underlying mantle. His prediction was confirmed by recordings of the behaviour of waves in the surface layer of the Earth. What did he propose could be determined using measurements of Love waves?
Events
	On 5 Jun 1981, an epidemic disease was briefly described by Dr. Michael Gottlieb in the newsletter of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. This was the first notice to be published on the disease. By what name is the disease now known?
	On 5 Jun 1783, the first hot-air balloon was flown for ten minutes by two French brothers at their home town of Annonay, France. Can you name these men?
	On 5 Jun 1977, the public sale began of the first personal computers. These were the invention of Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. They had the 6502 microprocessor, ability to do Hi-res and Lo-res color graphics, sound, joystick input, and had casette tape I/O. They had a total of eight expansion slots for adding peripherals. Clock speed was 1 MHz. What was the name of this computer?

Answers

When you have your answers ready to all the questions above, you'll find all the information to check them, and more, on the June 5 web page of Today in Science History. Or, try this link first for just the brief answers.

Fast answers for the previous newsletter for June 4: Sir Christopher Cockerell • the Circum-Pacific belt • 3,028 feet • the century including the year 780 BC • quagga • he was six years old.

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